Module io
Reading and Writing Files.
Functions
- close (file)
-
Equivalent to
file:close()
. Without afile
, closes the default output file. - flush ()
-
Equivalent to
file:flush
over the default output file. - input (file)
- When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode), and sets its handle as the default input file. When called with a file handle, it simply sets this file handle as the default input file. When called without parameters, it returns the current default input file. In case of errors this function raises the error, instead of returning an error code.
- lines (filename)
-
Opens the given file name in read mode and returns an iterator function
that, each time it is called, returns a new line from the file. Therefore,
the construction
for line in io.lines(filename) do body end
will iterate over all lines of the file. When the iterator function detects
the end of file, it returns nil (to finish the loop) and automatically
closes the file.
The call
io.lines()
(with no file name) is equivalent toio.input():lines()
; that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file. In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends. - open (filename, mode)
-
This function opens a file, in the mode specified in the string
mode
. It returns a new file handle, or, in case of errors, nil plus an error message. Themode
string can be any of the following: “r”: read mode (the default); “w”: write mode; “a”: append mode; “r+”: update mode, all previous data is preserved; “w+”: update mode, all previous data is erased; “a+”: append update mode, previous data is preserved, writing is only allowed at the end of file. Themode
string can also have a ‘b
’ at the end, which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode. This string is exactly what is used in the standard C functionfopen
. - output (file)
-
Similar to
io.input
, but operates over the default output file. - popen (prog, mode)
-
Starts program
prog
in a separated process and returns a file handle that you can use to read data from this program (ifmode
is"r"
, the default) or to write data to this program (ifmode
is"w"
). This function is system dependent and is not available on all platforms. - read (...)
-
Equivalent to
io.input():read
. - tmpfile ()
- Returns a handle for a temporary file. This file is opened in update mode and it is automatically removed when the program ends.
- type (obj)
-
Checks whether
obj
is a valid file handle. Returns the string"file"
ifobj
is an open file handle,"closed file"
ifobj
is a closed file handle, or nil ifobj
is not a file handle. - write (...)
-
Equivalent to
io.output():write
. - file:close ()
-
Closes
file
. Note that files are automatically closed when their handles are garbage collected, but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen. - file:flush ()
-
Saves any written data to
file
. - file:lines ()
-
Returns an iterator function that, each time it is called, returns a
new line from the file. Therefore, the construction
for line in file:lines() do body end
will iterate over all lines of the file. (Unlike
io.lines
, this function does not close the file when the loop ends.) - file:read (...)
-
Reads the file
file
, according to the given formats, which specify what to read. For each format, the function returns a string (or a number) with the characters read, or nil if it cannot read data with the specified format. When called without formats, it uses a default format that reads the entire next line (see below). The available formats are “n”: reads a number; this is the only format that returns a number instead of a string. “a”: reads the whole file, starting at the current position. On end of file, it returns the empty string. “l”: reads the next line (skipping the end of line), returning nil on end of file. This is the default format. number*: reads a string with up to this number of characters, returning nil on end of file. If number is zero, it reads nothing and returns an empty string, or nil on end of file. - file:seek (whence, offset)
-
Sets and gets the file position, measured from the beginning of the
file, to the position given by
offset
plus a base specified by the stringwhence
, as follows: “set”: base is position 0 (beginning of the file); “cur”: base is current position; “end”: base is end of file; In case of success, functionseek
returns the final file position, measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. If this function fails, it returns nil, plus a string describing the error. The default value forwhence
is"cur"
, and foroffset
is 0. Therefore, the callfile:seek()
returns the current file position, without changing it; the callfile:seek("set")
sets the position to the beginning of the file (and returns 0); and the callfile:seek("end")
sets the position to the end of the file, and returns its size. - file:setvbuf (mode, size)
-
Sets the buffering mode for an output file. There are three available modes:
- “no”: no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately.
- “full”: full buffering; output operation is performed only when the
buffer is full (or when you explicitly
flush
the file (seeio.flush
)). - “line”: line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output or
there is any input from some special files (such as a terminal device).
For the last two cases,
size
specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes. The default is an appropriate size.
- file:write (...)
-
Writes the value of each of its arguments to the
file
. The arguments must be strings or numbers. To write other values, usetostring
orstring.format
beforewrite
.